Ev Charger Technologies

Matekinoloje opangira ma EV ku China ndi United States ndi ofanana kwambiri. M'mayiko onsewa, zingwe ndi mapulagi ndiukadaulo wotsogola kwambiri pakulipiritsa magalimoto amagetsi. (Kulipiritsa opanda zingwe ndi kusinthana kwa batire kumakhalapo pang'ono kwambiri.) Pali kusiyana pakati pa mayiko awiriwa pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolipiritsa, zolipiritsa komanso njira zolumikizirana. Zofanana ndi zosiyanazi zikukambidwa pansipa.

A. Miyezo Yopangira

Ku United States, kuchuluka kwa EV kulipiritsa kumachitika pa 120 volts pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosasinthidwa zapakhoma. Izi zimadziwika kuti Level 1 kapena "trickle" charging. Ndi Kucharge Level 1, batire la 30 kWh limatenga pafupifupi maola 12 kuti lichoke pa 20% kufika pa chiwonongeko chonse. (Palibe malo ogulitsa ma volt 120 ku China.)

Ku China ndi ku United States, kuchuluka kwa EV kulipiritsa kumachitika pa 220 volts (China) kapena 240 volts (United States). Ku United States, izi zimadziwika kuti Level 2 kucharge.

Kulipiritsa kotereku kumatha kuchitika ndi malo osasinthidwa kapena zida zapadera za EV ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 6-7 kW. Ikachajitsa pa 220–240 volts, batire la 30 kWh limatenga pafupifupi maola 6 kuti lichoke pa 20% kufika pa charger yokwanira.

Pomaliza, China ndi United States ali ndi maukonde omwe akukulirakulira a ma charger a DC, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito 24 kW, 50 kW, 100 kW kapena 120 kW mphamvu. Masiteshoni ena amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu ya 350 kW kapena 400 kW. Ma charger othamanga a DCwa amatha kutenga batire lagalimoto kuchoka pa 20% kupita ku charger pafupifupi nthawi zonse kuyambira ola limodzi mpaka mphindi 10 zokha.

Ndime 6:Miyezo yodziwika kwambiri ku US

Gwero: US Department of Energy

B. Miyezo Yolipiritsa

ndi. China

China ili ndi muyezo umodzi wothamangitsa wa EV m'dziko lonselo. US ili ndi miyezo itatu yothamangitsa EV mwachangu.

Muyezo waku China umadziwika kuti China GB/T. (Mawu oyambaGBkuyimilira muyezo wa dziko.)

China GB / T inatulutsidwa mu 2015 pambuyo pa zaka zingapo za chitukuko.124 Tsopano ndizovomerezeka kwa magalimoto onse atsopano amagetsi ogulitsidwa ku China. Opanga magalimoto apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Tesla, Nissan ndi BMW, atengera muyezo wa GB/T wa ma EV awo ogulitsidwa ku China. GB/T pakali pano imalola kulipiritsa mwachangu pamlingo wopitilira 237.5 kW (pa 950 V ndi 250 amps), ngakhale ambiri

Ma charger aku China DC amathamanga 50 kW. GB/T yatsopano idzatulutsidwa mu 2019 kapena 2020, yomwe imati idzakweza muyeso kuti iphatikize kuyitanitsa mpaka 900 kW pamagalimoto akuluakulu ogulitsa. GB/T ndi muyezo wa China kokha: ma EV ochepa opangidwa ndi China omwe amatumizidwa kunja amagwiritsa ntchito miyezo ina.125

Mu Ogasiti 2018, bungwe la China Electricity Council (CEC) lidalengeza mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi netiweki ya CHAdeMO, yochokera ku Japan, kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano wothamangitsa mwachangu. Cholinga chake ndi kugwirizana pakati pa GB/T ndi CHAdeMO pakulipiritsa mwachangu. Mabungwe awiriwa adzagwirizana kukulitsa muyezo kumayiko opitilira China ndi Japan.126

ii. United States

Ku United States, pali miyezo itatu yolipiritsa ya EV pakulipiritsa mwachangu kwa DC: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo ndi Tesla.

CHAdeMO inali muyezo woyamba wa EV wothamangitsa mwachangu, kuyambira 2011. Idapangidwa ndi Tokyo.

Electric Power Company ndipo amaimira "Charge to Move" (pun in Japanese) .127 CHAdeMO panopa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States ku Nissan Leaf ndi Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, omwe ali m'gulu la magalimoto ogulitsidwa kwambiri amagetsi. Kupambana kwa Leaf ku United States kungakhaleKULIMBITSA GALIMOTO YA ELECTRIC KU CHINA NDI UNITED STATES

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chifukwa china ndi kudzipereka koyambirira kwa Nissan kuti atulutse zomangamanga za CHAdeMO zolipiritsa mwachangu m'malo ogulitsa ndi m'matawuni ena.128 Pofika Januware 2019, ku United States kunali ma charger opitilira 2,900 a CHAdeMO (komanso oposa 7,400 ku Japan ndi 7,900). ku Ulaya).129

Mu 2016, CHAdeMO idalengeza kuti ikweza mulingo wake kuchokera pamtengo woyambira wa 70.

kW kuti apereke 150 kW.130 Mu June 2018 CHAdeMO inalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa 400 kW charging, pogwiritsa ntchito 1,000 V, 400 amp zingwe zoziziritsa madzi. Kulipiritsa kwakukulu kudzakhalapo kuti kukwaniritse zosowa zamagalimoto akuluakulu amalonda monga magalimoto ndi mabasi.131

Mulingo wachiwiri wolipiritsa ku United States umadziwika kuti CCS kapena SAE Combo. Idatulutsidwa mu 2011 ndi gulu la opanga magalimoto aku Europe ndi US. Mawukombozimasonyeza kuti pulagi ili ndi zonse AC kucharging (mpaka 43 kW) ndi DC charging.132 Mu

Germany, mgwirizano wa Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN) unakhazikitsidwa kuti ulimbikitse kufalikira kwa CCS. Mosiyana ndi CHAdeMO, pulagi ya CCS imathandizira DC ndi AC kulipiritsa ndi doko limodzi, kuchepetsa malo ndi kutseguka komwe kumafunikira pagalimoto yamagalimoto. Jaguar,

Volkswagen, General Motors, BMW, Daimler, Ford, FCA ndi Hyundai amathandizira CCS. Tesla nayenso adalowa nawo mgwirizanowu ndipo mu November 2018 adalengeza kuti magalimoto ake ku Ulaya adzabwera ndi madoko a CCS.133 Chevrolet Bolt ndi BMW i3 ndi ena mwa ma EV otchuka ku United States omwe amagwiritsa ntchito CCS kulipira. Ngakhale ma charger omwe akupezekapo a CCS amapereka kuchajisa pafupifupi 50 kW, pulogalamu ya Electrify America imaphatikizanso kuyitanitsa mwachangu 350 kW, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti muzitha kulipiritsa pafupifupi mphindi 10.

Muyezo wachitatu wolipiritsa ku United States umayendetsedwa ndi Tesla, yomwe idakhazikitsa network yake ya Supercharger ku United States mu Seputembara 2012.134 Tesla.

Ma Supercharger nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito pa 480 volts ndipo amapereka mwayi wopitilira 120 kW. Monga

ya Januware 2019, tsamba la Tesla linatchula malo 595 a Supercharger ku United States, ndi malo owonjezera 420 "akubwera posachedwa."

Pakafukufuku wathu wa lipotili, tidafunsa omwe adafunsidwa ku US ngati amawona kusowa kwa muyezo umodzi wadziko lonse wolipiritsa mwachangu DC kukhala cholepheretsa kutengera EV. Ochepa anayankha motsimikiza. Zifukwa zomwe milingo yolipiritsa mwachangu ya DC sizimaganiziridwa kuti ndizovuta ndi izi:

● Kuchajitsa ma EV ambiri kumachitika kunyumba ndi kuntchito, ndi ma charger a Level 1 ndi 2.

● Malo ambiri oyendetsera anthu ndi malo antchito mpaka pano agwiritsa ntchito ma charger a Level 2.

● Ma Adapter alipo omwe amalola eni eni a EV kugwiritsira ntchito ma charger ambiri ofulumira a DC, ngakhale ma EV ndi ma charger akugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zolipirira. (Chosiyana chachikulu, Tesla supercharging network, ndi yotseguka kwa magalimoto a Tesla okha.) Mwachidziwitso, pali zodetsa nkhawa za chitetezo cha ma adapter othamanga mofulumira.

● Popeza pulagi ndi cholumikizira zikuyimira mtengo wochepa wa potengera pothamangitsa, izi sizibweretsa zovuta zaukadaulo kapena zandalama kwa eni siteshoni ndipo zitha kufananizidwa ndi mapaipi amafuta a octane osiyanasiyana pamalo opangira mafuta. Malo ambiri ochapira anthu amakhala ndi mapulagi angapo omwe amalumikizidwa ndi positi imodzi, zomwe zimalola mtundu uliwonse wa EV kulipiritsa pamenepo. Zowonadi, maulamuliro ambiri amafuna kapena kulimbikitsa izi.KULIMBITSA GALIMOTO YA ELECTRIC KU CHINA NDI UNITED STATES

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Opanga magalimoto ena anena kuti ma netiweki olipira okha amaimira njira yopikisana. Claas Bracklo, wamkulu wa electromobility ku BMW komanso wapampando wa CharIN, adati mu 2018, "Takhazikitsa CharIN kuti tipeze mphamvu." kufunitsitsa kulola magalimoto ena kuti agwiritse ntchito maukonde ake malinga ngati apereka ndalama molingana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.138 Tesla ilinso gawo la CharIN yolimbikitsa CCS. Mu Novembala 2018, idalengeza kuti magalimoto a Model 3 ogulitsidwa ku Europe abwera ali ndi madoko a CCS. Eni ake a Tesla amathanso kugula ma adapter kuti apeze ma charger ofulumira a CHAdeMO.139

C. Njira Zoyankhulirana Zoyankhulirana Kuchartsa njira zoyankhulirana ndizofunikira kuti muwonjezere kulipiritsa malinga ndi zosowa za wogwiritsa ntchito (kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa ndalama, mphamvu ya batri ndi chitetezo) komanso pa gridi (kuphatikiza

kugawa maukonde mphamvu, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mitengo ndi njira zoyankhira zofuna) .140 China GB / T ndi CHAdeMO amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana yomwe imadziwika kuti CAN, pamene CCS imagwira ntchito ndi PLC protocol. Ma protocol otsegula, monga Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) opangidwa ndi Open Charging Alliance, akukhala otchuka kwambiri ku United States ndi Europe.

M'kafukufuku wathu wa lipotili, anthu angapo omwe adafunsidwa ku US adatchulapo za njira zolumikizirana zotseguka ndi mapulogalamu ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Makamaka, mapulojekiti ena olipira anthu omwe adalandira ndalama pansi pa lamulo la American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) adatchulidwa kuti adasankha mavenda okhala ndi nsanja za eni omwe pambuyo pake adakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, kusiya zida zosweka zomwe zimafunikira kusinthidwa.141 Mizinda yambiri, zothandizira, ndi kulipiritsa. maukonde omwe adalumikizidwa nawo pa kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuthandizira njira zolumikizirana zotseguka komanso zolimbikitsa kuti azitha kulipiritsa omwe ali ndi netiweki kuti asinthe mosasamala.142

D. Mtengo

Ma charger akunyumba ndi otsika mtengo ku China kuposa ku United States. Ku China, chojambulira cha 7 kW chokhazikika kunyumba chimagulitsidwa pa intaneti pakati pa RMB 1,200 ndi RMB 1,800.143 Kuyika kumafuna ndalama zina. (Zogula zambiri zachinsinsi za EV zimabwera ndi charger ndikuyikapo.) Ku United States, ma charger akunyumba a Level 2 amawononga ndalama zoyambira $450-$600, kuphatikiza pafupifupi $500 pakuyika.144 DC zida zolipirira mwachangu ndizokwera mtengo maiko onse awiri. Mitengo imasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Katswiri wina waku China yemwe adafunsidwa za lipotili akuti kukhazikitsa positi yothamangitsa 50 kW DC ku China nthawi zambiri kumawononga ndalama zapakati pa RMB 45,000 ndi RMB 60,000, pomwe positiyi imawerengera pafupifupi RMB 25,000 - RMB 35,000 ndi ma cabling, zomangamanga mobisa komanso kuwerengera anthu ogwira ntchito. kwa zotsalazo.145 Ku United States, kulipiritsa mwachangu kwa DC kumatha kuwononga madola masauzande ambiri pa positi iliyonse. Zosintha zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mtengo woyikira zida zamagetsi za DC zimaphatikizanso kufunikira kwa trenching, kukweza ma transformer, mabwalo atsopano kapena okwezedwa ndi mapanelo amagetsi ndi kukweza kokongola. Zizindikiro, kulola ndi kupeza anthu olumala ndizowonjezera.146

E. Wireless Charging

Kulipira opanda zingwe kumapereka maubwino angapo, kuphatikiza kukongola, kupulumutsa nthawi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta.

Zinalipo m'zaka za m'ma 1990 kwa EV1 (galimoto yamagetsi yoyambirira) koma ndizosowa masiku ano.147 Wireless EV charging systems zoperekedwa pa intaneti pamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku $ 1,260 mpaka pafupifupi $ 3,000.148 Wireless EV charger imakhala ndi chilango chogwira ntchito, ndi machitidwe apano omwe amapereka ndalama zowonjezera mozungulira 85%.149 Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi zingwe zopanda zingwe zimapereka mphamvu ya 3–22 kW; ma charger opanda zingwe omwe amapezeka pamitundu ingapo ya ma EV kuchokera ku Plugless charge pa 3.6 kW kapena 7.2 kW, yofanana ndi kuyitanitsa kwa Level 2.150 Ngakhale ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri a EV amawona kuti kulipiritsa opanda zingwe sikuli koyenera mtengo wowonjezera,151 akatswiri ena aneneratu kuti ukadaulo udzakhala wofala posachedwa, ndipo opanga magalimoto angapo alengeza kuti apereka ma charger opanda zingwe ngati njira pa ma EV amtsogolo. Kulipiritsa opanda mawaya kungakhale kokongola kwa magalimoto ena okhala ndi misewu yodziwika bwino, monga mabasi a anthu onse, ndipo alinganizidwanso mayendedwe apamsewu wamagetsi amtsogolo, ngakhale kukwera mtengo, kutsika kwachangu komanso kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono kungakhale zovuta.152

F. Kusintha kwa Battery

Ndi ukadaulo wosinthira mabatire, magalimoto amagetsi amatha kusinthanitsa mabatire omwe atha kwa ena omwe ali ndi ndalama zonse. Izi zitha kufupikitsa kwambiri nthawi yofunikira kuti muyambitsenso EV, ndi phindu lalikulu kwa madalaivala.

Mizinda ingapo yaku China ndi makampani akuyesa kusinthana kwa mabatire, kuyang'ana kwambiri ma EV ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, monga ma taxi. Mzinda wa Hangzhou watumiza mabatire osinthana ndi ma taxi ake, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Zotye EVs.155 Beijing yapanga masiteshoni angapo osinthira mabatire poyesa kuthandizidwa ndi BAIC ya komweko. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2017, BAIC idalengeza za mapulani omanga malo osinthira 3,000 m'dziko lonselo pofika chaka cha 2021.156. kuphatikizapo Hangzhou ndi Qingdao-agwiritsanso ntchito kusinthana kwa batri pamabasi.158

Ku United States, kukambirana za kusinthana kwa batire kunazimiririka potsatira kutha kwa 2013 kwa kuyambika kwa batire ku Israeli Project Better Place, yomwe idakonza njira zosinthira magalimoto onyamula anthu. malo owonetsera, kudzudzula kusowa kwa chidwi cha ogula. Pali zochepa ngati zoyesera zomwe zikuchitika pa nkhani ya kusinthana kwa batri ku United States lero.154 Kutsika kwa ndalama za batri, ndipo mwinamwake pang'onopang'ono kutumizidwa kwa zomangamanga za DC zothamanga mofulumira, mwachiwonekere zachepetsa kukopa kwa batire kusinthanitsa. United States.

Ngakhale kusinthana kwa batire kumapereka maubwino angapo, kulinso ndi zovuta zake. Batire ya EV ndi yolemetsa ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pagalimoto, kupanga gawo lofunikira lomwe silingathe kulolerana ndi mainjiniya pamalumikizidwe ndi magetsi. Mabatire amasiku ano nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuziziritsa, ndipo kulumikiza ndi kuchotsa makina oziziritsa kumakhala kovuta.159 Popeza kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, machitidwe a batri ayenera kugwirizana bwino kuti asagwedezeke, kuchepetsa kuvala ndi kusunga galimoto. Kapangidwe ka batire la skateboard lodziwika bwino mu ma EV amasiku ano amathandizira chitetezo pochepetsa kulemera kwagalimoto ndikuwongolera chitetezo chakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Mabatire ochotsedwa omwe ali mu thunthu kapena kwina kulikonse sangakhale ndi mwayi uwu. Popeza eni magalimoto ambiri amalipira makamaka kunyumba kapenaKULIMBITSA GALIMOTO YA ELECTRIC KU CHINA NDI UNITED STATESKuntchito, kusinthana kwa batire sikungathetse mavuto a zomangamanga - zingangothandiza kuthana ndi kuyitanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ndipo chifukwa opanga ma automaker ambiri safuna kuyimitsa mapaketi a batri kapena mapangidwe - magalimoto amapangidwa mozungulira mabatire ndi ma mota awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zofunikira kwambiri160 - kusinthana kwa batire kungafunike makina osinthira osiyana pakampani iliyonse yamagalimoto kapena zida zosinthira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. kukula kwa magalimoto. Ngakhale magalimoto osinthira ma batire am'manja aperekedwa,161 mtundu wa bizinesiwu uyenera kukhazikitsidwa.